Information classified as confidential or non-disclosable under other laws or regulations delegated by laws (limited to rules by the National Assembly, Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, Central Election Commission, the President, or local ordinances).

Information pertaining to national security, defense, unification, or foreign relations that, if disclosed, could significantly harm the country’s major interests.

Information that could pose a significant threat to the protection of citizens' lives, bodies, or property if disclosed.

Information pertaining to ongoing trials, crime prevention, investigation, prosecution, enforcement of sentences, correction, or security measures. Disclosure could severely hinder these functions or infringe on the right of criminal defendants to a fair trial.

Information regarding audits, inspections, tests, regulations, bidding, contract management, technological development, or human resource management, as well as decision-making or internal reviews. Disclosure may significantly impair fair execution or research and development. However, if the non-disclosure is due to decision-making or internal review, the stage and expected conclusion date must be provided upon notification.

Personal information such as names and ID numbers, as defined in Article 2(1) of the Personal Information Protection Act, that could infringe on an individual’s privacy if disclosed. Exceptions includ

• Information accessible under legal provisions.
• Information created or obtained by public institutions for publication purposes and does not unfairly violate privacy.
• Information necessary for public interest or protecting individual rights.
• Names and positions of public officials in relation to their duties.
• Names and occupations of individuals delegated public duties under laws.

Information related to corporate, organizational, or individual (collectively “entities”) business or trade secrets. Disclosure could significantly harm the legitimate interests of these entities. Exceptions include

• Information required to protect individuals’ lives, bodies, or health from business-related harm
• Information needed to protect citizens’ assets or livelihoods from illegal or unfair business practices.

Information that could unfairly benefit or harm specific individuals through real estate speculation or hoarding.